The Civil Wars

Focusing on the turbulent period of the Roman Republic, this historical work details the violent civil wars that erupted following the Gracchi brothers' reform efforts. It covers key conflicts between Sullan and Marian forces, the rise of Sulla as dictator, and the power struggles leading to the First Triumvirate with Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. The narrative culminates in Caesar's defiance by crossing the Rubicon, igniting a civil war that ultimately leads to his dictatorship and the end of the Republic. Appian's account remains essential for understanding Roman history.